The story of the Gaspereau fish and its journey up the St. John River is a fascinating one, filled with twists and turns that highlight the delicate balance between conservation and commerce. The Mactaquac Dam, once a barrier to these fish's migration, has become a catalyst for change, with a recent shift in policy allowing millions more Gaspereau to reach their spawning grounds upstream.
This change has sparked a debate among those who depend on the river for their livelihoods. Wayne Baker, the self-proclaimed 'Gaspereau Man', has been a long-time observer of the fish's migration. He's counted the Gaspereau for decades, tracking their numbers and providing valuable insights into the health of the population. Baker's dedication to the cause is evident in his love for the fish, even going so far as to smoke and brine them for a unique culinary experience.
The Gaspereau, a collective term for alewives and blueback herring, play a crucial role in the ecosystem. They bring nutrients inland from the ocean, acting as 'keystone species' that support the growth of plants and wildlife. As they migrate upstream, they become a vital food source for various predators, including eagles, otters, and bears.
However, the commercial fishing industry has historically viewed Gaspereau as a nuisance, primarily using them as bait for lobster fishing. The fish's small bones make them less appealing for recreational fishing, but that hasn't stopped Baker from finding creative ways to enjoy them. His unique brining and smoking techniques transform the fish into a delicacy, a testament to his passion for the species.
The Mactaquac Dam, once a significant obstacle, has undergone a transformation. The federal Fisheries Department initially limited the number of Gaspereau transported above the dam to a million fish annually, aiming to protect the species. However, a shift in policy in 2020 led to a dramatic increase in the number of fish allowed to pass, with 2.4 million in 2020, 3 million in 2023, and over 4.1 million in the latest year. This change was driven by plans to improve fish passage infrastructure at the dam.
The impact of this decision is evident in the numbers. Wayne Baker, who has been counting Gaspereau for decades, believes the increased migration is positive. However, concerns arise among commercial fishermen like Mathieu Cormier, who harvests thousands of Gaspereau weekly. Cormier worries that the increased migration might affect the population downriver, where he fishes. He also highlights the issue of fish mortality as they pass through the dam's turbines, a concern shared by Baker, who advocates for the installation of a fish ladder.
The story of the Gaspereau and the Mactaquac Dam is a complex one, with environmental, economic, and cultural implications. Patty Savoy, working with the Oromocto First Nation, calls the decision to increase Gaspereau migration 'fantastic.' She emphasizes the importance of the species for traditional and ceremonial uses, as well as its role in supporting the local fishing industry. The Gaspereau's value extends beyond its immediate impact, as its contribution to the ecosystem and the food chain is immeasurable.
In conclusion, the story of the Gaspereau and the Mactaquac Dam is a reminder of the intricate relationships within our ecosystems. While the increased migration of Gaspereau is a positive development, it also raises questions about the long-term sustainability of the species and the impact on the surrounding environment. As we navigate these changes, it is crucial to strike a balance between conservation and the needs of those who depend on the river for their livelihoods.
